arXiv2026
We derive the asymptotic first passage time (FPT) distribution for space-dependent variable-order time-fractional diffusion, where the fractional exponent $α(x)$ varies with position. On a bounded interval with an absorbing and a reflecting boundary, we show that the survival probability decays as $Ψ(t)\sim C\,t^{-α_*}/[\ln (t/τ)]^ν$, where $α_*$ is the minimum value of the fractional exponent and $ν$ is determined by the location and shape of the minimum. The exponent $ν$ is fixed by the location and order of the minimum, taking the value $1/k$ at a $k$\textsuperscript{th}-order interior minimum, $1$ at the reflecting boundary and $2$ at the absorbing boundary. For a constant fractional exponent, $ν=0$, so the logarithmic factor distinguishes a continuously varying order field from a homogeneous medium. We recover both exponents from simulated first passage times by a direct linear fit, with no amplitude or geometric input. We validate the theory against exact Laplace-space solutions and Monte Carlo simulations for linear and nonlinear profiles of $α(x)$.