arXiv2026
Visual paradoxes like the Penrose staircase present a fundamental tension: locally coherent geometric relationships that cannot be realized globally. Inspired by Penrose's observations connecting such paradoxes to cohomology, we develop a mathematical framework that characterizes this phenomenon through network torsors and sheaf cohomology. Network torsors capture the essential nature of visual paradoxes by formalizing relative geometric attributes (height changes, orientation flips) without requiring absolute measures. We demonstrate that a significant class of visual paradoxes can be characterized as non-trivial network torsors, with their obstruction to global consistency quantified by elements of first cohomology $H^1$. This framework enables analysis of classical paradoxes and construction of novel examples on various topological spaces. Key contributions include the first visual paradox with nonabelian holonomy (the Klein ladder, whose holonomy takes values in the infinite dihedral group), and paradoxes driven by boundary conditions rather than loops, analyzable via non-constant structure sheaves and relative cohomology. Our approach unifies diverse visual paradoxes under a single mathematical principle: the obstruction to globalizing locally consistent geometric relationships.