Schur Forms of Matrix Product Operators in the Infinite Limit

Abstract

Matrix Product State (MPS) wavefunctions have many applications in quantum information and condensed matter physics. One application is to represent states in the thermodynamic limit directly, using a small set of position independent matrices. For this infinite MPS ansatz to be useful it is necessary to be able to calculate expectation values, and we show here that a large class of observables, including operators transforming under lattice translations as eigenstates of arbitrary momentum $k$, can be represented in the Schur form of a lower or upper triangular matrix and we present an algorithm for evaluating such expectation values in the asymptotic limit. The sum or the product of two such Schur operators is also a Schur operator, and is easily constructed to give a simple method of constructing arbitrary polynomial combinations of operators. Some simple examples are the variance $\langle (H-E)^2\rangle$ of an infinite MPS, which gives a simple method of evaluating the accuracy of a numerical approximation to a eigenstate, or a vertex operator $\langle c^\dagger_{k_1} c^\dagger_{k_2} c_{k_4} c_{k_3}\rangle$. This approach is a step towards improved algorithms for the calculation of dynamical properties and excited states.