Optimal k-fold colorings of webs and antiwebs

Abstract

A k-fold x-coloring of a graph is an assignment of (at least) k distinct colors from the set {1, 2, ..., x} to each vertex such that any two adjacent vertices are assigned disjoint sets of colors. The smallest number x such that G admits a k-fold x-coloring is the k-th chromatic number of G, denoted by χ_k(G). We determine the exact value of this parameter when G is a web or an antiweb. Our results generalize the known corresponding results for odd cycles and imply necessary and sufficient conditions under which χ_k(G) attains its lower and upper bounds based on the clique, the fractional chromatic and the chromatic numbers. Additionally, we extend the concept of χ-critical graphs to χ_k-critical graphs. We identify the webs and antiwebs having this property, for every integer k <= 1.