Observing controlled quantum state collapse in a single quantum trajectory of a mechanical oscillator

Abstract

A fundamental prediction of quantum theory that is derived from the "projection postulate" is that under continuous measurement, the state of a system traces out a "quantum trajectory" in time that depends upon its measurement record, and that in certain situations, the quantum state of a system stochastically collapses at a finite rate toward a random eigenstate. On the other hand, quantum theory also predicts that environmental coupling produces the opposite effect of spreading the wave function into a mixed state. Studying the effect of these two competing processes, as the ratio of their strengths is varied, on the distribution of a quantum state is of fundamental interest in any setting, but especially so in the mechanical realm. A key issue, however, is that a fundamental study of such physics can not entail an a priori assumption of the projection postulate itself, and Bayesian inference may therefore not be employed to observe the quantum state. In this theoretical work we propose a feasible way to perform such a fundamental test with a mechanical wave function in the energy eigenbasis. The scheme is based on an optomechanical setup wherein optical fields provide a direct probe of the energy variance of the mechanical wave function. Such an energy variance probe is unprecedented in any type of system. Numerical simulations that incorporate the projection postulate predict a monotonic decrease in the time-averaged energy variance as the ratio of continuous measurement strength to dissipation is increased. The measurement strength in the proposed scheme is tunable in situ, and the behavior predicted by the simulations therefore implies that the scheme amounts to a way to verifiably control in situ the time-averaged variance of a mechanical wave function over the course of a single quantum trajectory.