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arXiv · 1403.3659

Construction d'une plate-forme intégrée pour la cartographie de l'exposition des populations aux substances chimiques de l'environnement

Julien Caudeville·Céline Boudet·Gérard Govaert·Roseline Bonnard·André Cicollela
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Abstract

L'analyse du lien entre l'environnement et la santé est devenue une préoccupation majeure de santé publique comme en témoigne l'émergence des deux Plans nationaux santé environnement. Pour ce faire, les décideurs sont confrontés au besoin de développement d'outils nécessaires à l'identification des zones géographiques dans lesquelles une surexposition potentielle à des substances toxiques est observée. L'objectif du projet Système d'information géographique (SIG), facteurs de risques environnementaux et décès par cancer (SIGFRIED 1) est de construire une plate-forme de modélisation permettant d'évaluer, par une approche spatiale, l'exposition de la population française aux substances chimiques et d'en identifier ses déterminants. L'évaluation des expositions est réalisée par le biais d'une modélisation multimédia probabiliste. Les problèmes épistémologiques liés à l'absence de données sont palliés par la mise en œuvre d'outils utilisant les techniques d'analyse spatiale. Un exemple est fourni sur la région Nord-Pas-de-Calais et Picardie, pour le cadmium, le nickel et le plomb. Le calcul de l'exposition est réalisé sur une durée de 70 ans sur la base des données disponibles autour de l'année 2004 sur une maille de 1 km de côté. Par exemple pour le Nord-Pas-de-Calais, les indicateurs permettent de définir deux zones pour le cadmium et trois zones pour le plomb. Celles-ci sont liées à l'historique industriel de la région : le bassin minier, les activités métallurgiques et l'agglomération lilloise. La contribution des différentes voies d'exposition varie sensiblement d'un polluant à l'autre. Les cartes d'exposition ainsi obtenues permettent d'identifier les zones géographiques dans lesquelles conduire en priorité des études environnementales de terrains. Le SIG construit constitue la base d'une plate-forme où les données d'émission à la source, de mesures environnementales, d'exposition, puis sanitaires et socio-économiques pourront être associées. -- Analysis of the association between the environment and health has become a major public health concern, as shown by the development of two national environmental health plans. For such an analysis, policy-makers need tools to identify the geographic areas where overexposure to toxic agents may be observed. The objective of the SIGFRIED 1 project is to build a work station for spatial modeling of the exposure of the French population to chemical substances and for identifying the determinants of this exposure. Probabilistic multimedia modeling is used to assess exposure. The epistemological problems associated with the absence of data are overcome by the implementation of tools that apply spatial analysis techniques. An example is furnished for the region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Picardie, for cadmium, nickel and lead exposure. The calculation of exposure is performed for duration of 70 years on the basis of data collected around 2004 fora grid of squares 1 km in length. For example, for Nord-Pas-de-Calais, the indicators allow us to define two areas for cadmium and three for lead. They are linked to the region's industrial history: mining basin, metallurgy activities, and the Lille metropolitan area. The contribution of various exposure pathways varied substantially from one pollutant to another. The exposure maps thus obtained allow us to identify the geographic area where environmental studies must be conducted in priority. The GIS thus constructed is the foundation of a workstation where source emission data, environmental exposure measurements, and finally health and socioeconomic measurements can be combined.

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Julien Caudeville, Céline Boudet, Gérard Govaert, Roseline Bonnard, André Cicollela. 2014-02-12. Construction d'une plate-forme intégrée pour la cartographie de l'exposition des populations aux substances chimiques de l'environnement. https://arxiv.org/abs/1403.3659

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