The effects of time-dependent dissipation on the basins of attraction for the pendulum with oscillating support

Abstract

We consider a pendulum with vertically oscillating support and time-dependent damping coefficient which varies until reaching a finite final value. The sizes of the corresponding basins of attraction are found to depend strongly on the full evolution of the dissipation. In order to predict the behaviour of the system, it is essential to understand how the sizes of the basins of attraction for constant dissipation depend on the damping coefficient. For values of the parameters in the perturbation regime, we characterise analytically the conditions under which the attractors exist and study numerically how the sizes of their basins of attraction depend on the damping coefficient. Away from the perturbation regime, a numerical study of the attractors and the corresponding basins of attraction for different constant values of the damping coefficient produces a much more involved scenario: changing the magnitude of the dissipation causes some attractors to disappear either leaving no trace or producing new attractors by bifurcation, such as period doubling and saddle-node bifurcation. For an initially non-constant damping coefficient, both increasing and decreasing to some finite final value, we numerically observe that, when the damping coefficient varies slowly from a finite initial value to a different final value, without changing the set of attractors, the slower the variation the closer the sizes of the basins of attraction are to those they have for constant damping coefficient fixed at the initial value. If during the variation of the damping coefficient attractors appear or disappear, remarkable additional phenomena may occur. For instance, a fixed point asymptotically may attract the entire phase space, up to a zero measure set, even though no attractor with such a property exists for any value of the damping coefficient between the extreme values.