Cubic perturbations of elliptic Hamiltonian vector fields of degree three

Abstract

The purpose of the present paper is to study the limit cycles of one-parameter perturbed plane Hamiltonian vector field $X_\varepsilon$ $$ X_\varepsilon : \left\{ \begin{array}{llr} \dot{x}=\;\; H_y+\varepsilon f(x,y)\\ \dot{y}=-H_x+\varepsilon g(x,y), \end{array} \;\;\;\;\; H~=\frac{1}{2} y^2~+U(x) \right. $$ which bifurcate from the period annuli of $X_0$ for sufficiently small $\varepsilon$. Here $U$ is a univariate polynomial of degree four without symmetry, and $f, g$ are arbitrary cubic polynomials in two variables. We take a period annulus and parameterize the related displacement map $d(h,\varepsilon)$ by the Hamiltonian value $h$ and by the small parameter $\varepsilon$. Let $M_k(h)$ be the $k$-th coefficient in its expansion with respect to $\varepsilon$. We establish the general form of $M_k$ and study its zeroes. We deduce that the period annuli of $X_0$ can produce for sufficiently small $\varepsilon$, at most 5, 7 or 8 zeroes in the interior eight-loop case, the saddle-loop case, and the exterior eight-loop case respectively. In the interior eight-loop case the bound is exact, while in the saddle-loop case we provide examples of Hamiltonian fields which produce 6 small-amplitude limit cycles. Polynomial perturbations of $X_0$ of higher degrees are also studied.