Proportional electroluminescence in two-phase argon and its relevance to rare-event experiments

Abstract

Proportional electroluminescence (EL) in gaseous Ar has for the first time been systematically studied in the two-phase mode, at 87 K and 1.00 atm. Liquid argon had a minor (56 ppm) admixture of nitrogen, which allowed to understand, inter alia, the effect of N2 doping on the EL mechanism in rare-event experiments using two-phase Ar detectors. The measurements were performed in a two-phase Cryogenic Avalanche Detector (CRAD) with EL gap located directly above the liquid-gas interface. The EL gap was optically read out in the Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV), near 128 nm (Ar excimer emission), and in the near Ultraviolet (UV), at 300-450 nm (N2 Second Positive System emission), via cryogenic PMTs and a Geiger-mode APD (GAPD). Proportional electroluminescence was measured to have an amplification parameter of 109+-10 photons per drifting electron per kV overall in the VUV and UV, of which 51+-6% were emitted in the UV. The measured EL threshold, at an electric field of 3.7+-0.2 kV/cm, was in accordance with that predicted by the theory. The latter result is particularly relevant to DarkSide and SCENE dark matter search-related experiments, where the operation electric field was thereby on the verge of appearance of the S2 (ionization-induced) signal. The results obtained pave the way to the development of N2-doped two-phase Ar detectors with enhanced sensitivity to the S2 signal.