On the Maximal Displacement of Subcritical Branching Random Walks

Abstract

We study the maximal displacement of a one dimensional subcritical branching random walk initiated by a single particle at the origin. For each $n\in\mathbb{N},$ let $M_{n}$ be the rightmost position reached by the branching random walk up to generation $n$. Under the assumption that the offspring distribution has a finite third moment and the jump distribution has mean zero and a finite probability generating function, we show that there exists $ρ>1$ such that the function \[ g(c,n):=ρ^{cn} P(M_{n}\geq cn), \quad \mbox{for each }c>0 \mbox{ and } n\in\mathbb{N}, \] satisfies the following properties: there exist $0<\underlineδ\leq \overlineδ < {\infty}$ such that if $c<\underlineδ$, then $$ 0<\liminf_{n\rightarrow\infty} g (c,n)\leq \limsup_{n\rightarrow\infty} g (c,n) {\leq 1}, $$ while if $c>\overlineδ$, then \[ \lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} g (c,n)=0. \] Moreover, if the jump distribution has a finite right range $R$, then $\overlineδ < R$. If furthermore the jump distribution is "nearly right-continuous", then there exists $κ\in (0,1]$ such that $\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}g(c,n)=κ$ for all $c<\underlineδ$. We also show that the tail distribution of $M:=\sup_{n\geq 0}M_{n}$, namely, the rightmost position ever reached by the branching random walk, has a similar exponential decay (without the cutoff at $\underlineδ$). Finally, by duality, these results imply that the maximal displacement of supercritical branching random walks conditional on extinction has a similar tail behavior.