Sequence to Sequence Learning for Optical Character Recognition

Devendra Kumar Sahu; Mohak Sukhwani

Home/Archive/arXiv

arXiv · 1511.04176

Sequence to Sequence Learning for Optical Character Recognition

Devendra Kumar Sahu·Mohak Sukhwani

View original source ↗Read source document ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

We propose an end-to-end recurrent encoder-decoder based sequence learning approach for printed text Optical Character Recognition (OCR). In contrast to present day existing state-of-art OCR solution which uses connectionist temporal classification (CTC) output layer, our approach makes minimalistic assumptions on the structure and length of the sequence. We use a two step encoder-decoder approach -- (a) A recurrent encoder reads a variable length printed text word image and encodes it to a fixed dimensional embedding. (b) This fixed dimensional embedding is subsequently comprehended by decoder structure which converts it into a variable length text output. Our architecture gives competitive performance relative to connectionist temporal classification (CTC) output layer while being executed in more natural settings. The learnt deep word image embedding from encoder can be used for printed text based retrieval systems. The expressive fixed dimensional embedding for any variable length input expedites the task of retrieval and makes it more efficient which is not possible with other recurrent neural network architectures. We empirically investigate the expressiveness and the learnability of long short term memory (LSTMs) in the sequence to sequence learning regime by training our network for prediction tasks in segmentation free printed text OCR. The utility of the proposed architecture for printed text is demonstrated by quantitative and qualitative evaluation of two tasks -- word prediction and retrieval.

Explore related subjects

cs.CV

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeX RIS

Devendra Kumar Sahu, Mohak Sukhwani. 2015-12-27. Sequence to Sequence Learning for Optical Character Recognition. https://arxiv.org/abs/1511.04176

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related papers

arXiv2026

SSP-GNN: Learning to Track via Bilevel Optimization

We propose a graph-based tracking formulation for multi-object tracking (MOT) where target detections contain kinematic information and re-identification features (attributes). Our method applies a successive shortest paths (SSP) algorithm to a tracking graph defined over a batch of frames. The edge costs in this tracking graph are computed via a message-passing network, a graph neural network (GNN) variant. The parameters of the GNN, and hence, the tracker, are learned end-to-end on a training set of example ground-truth tracks and detections. Specifically, learning takes the form of bilevel optimization guided by our novel loss function. We evaluate our algorithm on simulated scenarios to understand its sensitivity to scenario aspects and model hyperparameters. Across varied scenario complexities, our method compares favorably to a strong baseline.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2026

AdaptiveCDM: Source-Free Few-Shot Domain Adaptation for Cell Detection in Microscopic Images

Cross-domain cell detection for microscopic images suffers from performance degradation due to distribution shifts across imaging domains. Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (UDA) strategies, attempt to overcome domain sift without requiring annotated data from target. However, requirement of availability of annotated data from the source domain and large-size data from target domain are both challenging limitations for realistic scenarios. This is especially true in medical imaging, where privacy requirements might prevent access to annotated source data, and costly data acquisition restricts extensive sampling of the target domain. To address these challenges, we propose AdaptiveCDM, a modular framework for Source-Free Few-Shot Domain Adaptive Object Detection (SF-FSDAOD) setting, that adapts a pretrained source model using only few labeled target images without accessing source data. AdaptiveCDM combines Resolution-Aware Augmentation (RAug) and Category-Aware Representation Learning (CARL). RAug alleviates the scarcity and class imbalance by augmenting instance balanced training examples, while preserving the scale fidelity and morphological properties of cellular structures. CARL enhances discriminative representation learning by encouraging class-consistent proposals, improving both localization and classification. We also introduce two competitive baselines for proposed setting: Faster-FreeShot and MT-FreeShot. Our approach achieves 40.4/43.4 mAP0.5 on M5 and 67.1/75.5 mAP0.5 on Raabin-WBC under 2-/5-shot adaptation. Despite using only a few labeled target images and no source data, AdaptiveCDM achieves competitive or superior performance compared with SOTA methods under their respective supervision settings. Ablations and qualitative analyses further substantiate the contribution of each component and the effectiveness of AdaptiveCDM in low-data regimes. Code/models will be available.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2026

Uncertainty-Weighted Fusion of Image and Synthetic Event for Video Anomaly Detection

Most existing video anomaly detectors rely on RGB frames alone, which limit their ability to capture abrupt or transient motion cues that are critical for identifying anomalous events. We propose Uncertainty Weighted Image Event Fusion (IEF-VAD), a framework that integrates complementary RGB and synthetic motion information through a principled weighting mechanism. The method models the high variance and heavy tailed characteristics of synthetic motion cues with a Student's t likelihood, computes value level inverse variance weights using a Laplace approximation to prevent the image modality from overshadowing motion information, and performs iterative refinement to suppress residual cross modal noise. This formulation provides a more balanced and reliable fusion process compared to cross attention or gating based approaches that often suffer from modality dominance. Without requiring an event camera or frame level annotations, IEF-VAD achieves new state of the art performance on multiple real world anomaly detection benchmarks and remains stable under degradation applied to individual modalities. The results indicate that extracting and integrating complementary motion cues is an effective direction for robust video understanding across diverse environments.

cs.CV↗