Collective Ratchet Effects and Reversals for Active Matter Particles on Quasi-One-Dimensional Asymmetric Substrates

Abstract

Using computer simulations, we study a two-dimensional system of sterically interacting self-mobile run-and-tumble disk-shaped particles with an underlying periodic quasi-one-dimensional asymmetric substrate, and show that a rich variety of collective active ratchet behaviors arise as a function of particle density, activity, substrate strength, and substrate period. The ratchet efficiency is nonmonotonic since the ratcheting is enhanced by increased activity but diminished by the onset of self-clustering of the active particles. Increasing the particle density decreases the ratchet efficiency for weak substrates but increases the ratchet efficiency for strong substrates due to collective hopping events. At the highest particle densities, the ratchet motion is destroyed by a self-jamming effect. We show that it is possible to realize reversals of the ratchet effect, where the net flux of particles is along the hard rather than the easy direction of the substrate asymmetry. The reversals occur in the strong substrate limit when multiple rows of active particles can be confined in each substrate minimum, permitting emergent particle-like excitations to appear that experience an inverted effective substrate potential. We map out a phase diagram of the forward and reverse ratchet effects as a function of the particle density, activity, and substrate properties.