Fermi acceleration under control: $η$ Carinae

Abstract

We used data from the Fermi Large Area Telescope obtained during the last 7 years and spanning two passages of $η$ Carinae at periastron and compared them with the predictions of particle acceleration in hydrodynamic simulations. Two emission components can be distinguished. The low-energy component cuts off below 10 GeV and its flux, modulated by the orbital motion, varies by a factor less than 2. Short-term variability occurs at periastron. The flux of the high energy component varies by a factor 3-4 but differently during the two periastrons. The variabilities observed at low-energy, including some details of them, and these observed at high-energy during the first half of the observations, do match the prediction of the simulation, assuming a surface magnetic field in the range 0.4-1 kG. The high-energy component and the thermal X-ray emission were weaker than expected around the second periastron suggesting a modification of the wind density in the inner wind collision zone. Diffuse shock acceleration in the complex geometry of the wind collision zone of $η$ Carinae provides a convincing match to the observations and new diagnostic tools to probe the geometry and energetics of the system.