arXiv2026
This is the second in a series of papers that aim to develop rigorous and most encompassing foundations for field theory, where in the first installment we laid out the natural formulation of bosonic variational field theory via the ``functorial geometry'' of smooth sets, namely in the topos over the site of spaces with smooth maps between them. Here, we extend this to the category ThickenedSmoothSets of {\it infinitesimally thickened smooth sets}. We first describe the Cahiers topos in a simplified, but still fully rigorous, $\mathbb{R}$-algebraic setting -- which should serve as a more accessible introduction to the theory of Synthetic Differential Geometry to both physicists and mathematicians. Then, we formulate local Lagrangian field theory in this setting in which infinitesimal spaces exist and interact correctly with the field-theoretic spaces of infinite jet bundles, off-shell and on-shell spaces of fields etc. This discussion subsumes previous constructions and further recovers all the relevant tangent bundles of traditional (off-shell and on-shell) field theory considerations via the synthetic tangent bundle construction, i.e., as ``infinitesimal curves'' in those spaces, which were previously defined only in an indirect manner. Beyond finally putting such aspects of the theory on a firm foundation, this approach recognizes the variational principle of local Lagrangian field theory, equivalently, as an intersection of thickened smooth sets. Lastly, as we will show in detail, it permits a mathematical formalization (and recovery) of perturbative field theory as the actual restriction to the infinitesimal neighborhood around a field configuration -- a statement which thus far had remained only in the realm of intuition. Crucially, all of these results are obtained with no use of infinite dimensional manifold theory, topology or functional analysis of mapping spaces.