Model-independent Curvature Determination from Gravitational-Wave Standard Sirens and Cosmic Chronometers

Abstract

The detection of gravitational waves (GWs) provides a direct way to measure the luminosity distance, which enables us to probe cosmology. In this paper, we continue to expand the application of GW standard sirens in cosmology, and propose that the spatial curvature can be estimated in a model-independent way by comparing the distances from future GW sources and current cosmic-chronometer observations. We expect an electromagnetic counterpart of the GW event to give the source redshift, and simulate hundreds of GW data from the coalescence of double neutron stars and black hole--neutron star binaries using the Einstein Telescope as reference. Our simulations show that, from 100 simulated GW events and 31 current cosmic-chronometer measurements, the error of the curvature parameter $\Omega_{K}$ is expected to be constrained at the level of $\sim0.125$. If 1000 GW events are observed, the uncertainty of $\Omega_{K}$ would be further reduced to $\sim0.040$. We also find that adding 50 mock $H(z)$ data (consisting of 81 cosmic-chronometer data and 1000 simulated GW events) could result in much tighter constraint on the zero cosmic curvature, for which, $\Omega_{K}=-0.002\pm0.028$. Compared to some actual model-independent curvature tests involving the distances from other cosmic probes, this method with GW data achieves constraints with much higher precision.