How to obtain a class of emergent universes with a general form of dissipation?

Abstract

In this paper, we have assumed a flat Friedmann-Lemaitré-Robertson-Walker universe endowed with a general form of dissipation. The source of dissipation is considered to be a bulk viscous pressure $Π$ which leads to an adiabatic creation of particles induced by the gravitational field. Further, the cosmic substratum is assumed to satisfy the equation of state $p=(γ-1)ρ$ and $Π$ is considered to be proportional to $H^{2k+1}$, where $H$ is the Hubble parameter and $k$ is the index of dissipation. This choice of dissipation is consistent with the pioneering works by Barrow and Clifton. Finally, by assuming an exponential form for $H$ given by $H=e^{m(t-t_0)}$, where $m$ is a positive real parameter and which bears all the signatures of an emergent universe, we have been able to establish that the sufficiency of the inequality $γk \leq 0$ can produce a class of emergent universes. However, this condition is by no means necessary for the existence of an emergent universe.