Single-particle Lagrangian statistics from direct numerical simulations of rotating-stratified turbulence

Abstract

Geophysical fluid flows are predominantly turbulent and often strongly affected by the Earth's rotation, as well as by stable density stratification. Using direct numerical simulations of forced Boussinesq equations, we study the influence of these effects on the motion of fluid particles, focusing on cases where the frequencies associated with rotation and stratification (RaS), $N$ and $f$ respectively, are held at a fixed ratio $N/f=5$. As the intensity of RaS increases, a sharp transition is observed between a regime dominated by eddies to a regime dominated by waves, which can also be seemingly described by simply comparing the time scale $1/N$ and $τ_η$ (the Kolmogorov time scale). We perform a detailed study of Lagrangian statistics of acceleration, velocity and related quantities in the two regimes. The flow anisotropy induces a clear difference between particle motion in the horizontal and vertical directions. In the regime $Nτ_η<1$, acceleration statistics in both horizontal and vertical directions, exhibit well known characteristics of isotropic turbulence. In contrast for $Nτ_η>1$, they are directly influenced by imposed RaS. The Lagrangian velocity statistics exhibit visible anisotropy for all runs; nevertheless the degree of anisotropy becomes very strong in the regime $Nτ_η>1$. We find that in the regime $Nτ_η<1$, rotation enhances the mean displacement of particles in horizontal planes at short times, but inhibits them at longer times. This inhibition of horizontal displacement becomes stronger for $Nτ_η>1$, with no clear diffusive behavior. Displacements in the vertical direction are always inhibited. The inhibition becomes extremely strong when $Nτ_η>1$, with the particles almost being trapped horizontally.