On Analytical and Topological Properties of Separatrices in 1-D Holomorphic Dynamical Systems and Complex-Time Newton Flows

Abstract

Separatrices divide the phase space of some holomorphic dynamical systems into separate basins of attraction or 'stability regions' for distinct fixed points. 'Bundling' (high density) and mutual 'repulsion' of trajectories are often observed at separatrices in phase portraits, but their global mathematical characterisation is a difficult problem. For 1-D complex polynomial dynamical systems we prove the existence of a separatrix for each critical point at infinity via transformation to the Poincaré sphere. We show that introduction of complex time allows a significantly extended view with the study of corresponding Riemann surface solutions, their topology, geometry and their bifurcations/ramifications related to separatrices. We build a bridge to the Riemann $ξ$-function and present a polynomial approximation of its Newton flow solution manifold with precision depending on the polynomial degree.