Commissioning and simulation of CHROMIE, a high-rate test beam telescope

Abstract

The upgrade of the LHC to the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) is expected to increase the current instantaneous luminosity by a factor of 5 to 7, providing the opportunity to study rare processes and measure precisely the standard model parameters. To cope with the increase in pile-up (up to 200), particle density and radiation, CMS will build new silicon tracking devices with higher granularity (to reduce occupancy) and improved radiation hardness. During the R&D period tests performed under beam are a powerful way to develop and examine the behavior of silicon sensors in realistic conditions. The telescopes used up to now have a slow readout (less than 10 kHz) for the needs of the CMS experiment, since the new outer-tracker modules have an effective return-to-zero time of 25 ns (corresponding to a 40 MHz frequency) and a trigger rate of 750 kHz. In order to test the CMS Tracker modules under the LHC nominal rate, a pixel telescope named CHROMIE (CMS High Rate telescOpe MachInE) is designed, built and commissioned at CERN for beam tests with prototype modules for the CMS Phase-2 Tracker upgrade. In this article the design of CHROMIE, the calibration of its modules, and its timing and synchronization aspects are presented, along with the first beam test results. In addition, the tracking algorithm developed for CHROMIE and a preliminary Geant4 simulation study of the telescope under beam are discussed.