Are vector vortex beams endowed with any entanglement?

Abstract

Polarization of light beams is one of the most important physical phenomena. But up till now it was only described in the paraxial approximation in which it is considered to be a single degree of freedom that is characterized by the local Stokes parameters over the transverse plane. Based on such a description, vector vortex beams are considered to be entangled in polarization and spatial mode. Here we show that there is not any entanglement in a large class of representative vector vortex beams, including the well-known cylindrical-vector beams. This is achieved by developing an approach to exactly characterize the polarization of a general beam. It is found that the Stokes parameters, when generalized rigorously to a general beam in momentum space, are physical quantities with respect to a natural coordinate system. The so-called Stratton vector determining the natural coordinate system fixes a natural representation for the polarization in which the Pauli matrices represent the intrinsic degree of freedom of the polarization with respect to the natural coordinate system. As a result, the Stratton vector itself shows up as another degree of freedom of the polarization. From this point of view, the light beams specified by a Stratton vector parallel to the propagation axis as well as by the eigenvalues of the Pauli matrix $\hatσ_1$ are precisely vector vortex beams. They are not endowed with any entanglement.