On degenerate para-CR structures: Cartan reduction and homogeneous models

Abstract

Motivated by recent works in Levi degenerate CR geometry, this article endeavours to study the wider and more flexible para-CR structures for which the constraint of invariancy under complex conjugation is relaxed. We consider $5$-dimensional para-CR structures whose Levi forms are of constant rank $1$ and that are $2$-nondegenerate both with respect to parameters and to variables. Eliminating parameters, such structures may be represented modulo point transformations by pairs of PDEs $z_y=F(x, y, z, z_x)$ $\,\,\&\,\,$ $z_{xxx}=H(x,y,z,z_x,z_{xx})$, with $F$ independent of $z_{xx}$ and $F_{z_xz_x} \neq 0$, that are completely integrable $D_x^3 F=Δ_y H$, Performing at an advanced level Cartan's method of equivalence, we determine all concerned homogeneous models, together with their symmetries: (i) $z_y=\tfrac14 (z_x)^2\quad \&\quad z_{xxx}=0$; (ii) $z_y=\tfrac14 (z_x)^2\quad \& \quad z_{xxx}=(z_{xx})^3$; (iiia) $z_y=\tfrac14 (z_x)^b\,\, \& \,\,z_{xxx} = (2-b)\frac{(z_{xx})^2}{z_x}$ with $z_x>0$ for any real $b\in[1,2)$; (iiib) $z_y = f(z_x)\quad \& \quad z_{xxx}=h(z_x)\big(z_{xx}\big)^2$, where the function $f$ is determined by the implicit equation: \[ (z_x^2+f(z_x)^2)\, \mathrm{exp} \left( 2b\,\mathrm{arctan}\tfrac{bz_x-f(z_x)}{z_x+bf(z_x)} \right) = 1+b^2 \] and where: \[ h(z_x) := \frac{(b^2-3)z_x-4bf(z_x)}{(f(z_x)-bz_x)^2}, \] for any real $b>0$.