The Mathieu unit cell as a template for low emittance lattices

Abstract

The multi-bend achromat (MBA), which often serves as a building block for modern low-emittance storage rings, is composed of a repetition of unit cells with optimized optical functions for low emittance in the achromat center, as well as end cells for dispersion and optics matching to insertion devices. In this work, we describe the simplest stable class of unit cells that are based on a longitudinal Fourier expansion, transforming Hill equations to Mathieu equations. The resulting cell class exhibits continuously changing dipolar and quadrupolar moments along the beam path. Although this elementary model is defined by only three parameters, it captures a significant amount of notions that are applied in the design of MBAs. This is especially interesting as Mathieu cells can be viewed as an elementary extension of Christofilos' original model of alternating-gradient focusing, while their sinusoidal bending and focusing functions lend themselves to future applications in undulator-like structures. Mathieu cells can be used to estimate the range of reasonable cell tunes and put an emphasis on the combination of longitudinal gradient bending and reverse bending, as well as on strong horizontal focusing to reach emittances lower than the classic theoretical minimum emittance cell. Furthermore, the lowest emittances in this model are accompanied by small absolute momentum compaction factors.