Pole skipping away from maximal chaos

Abstract

Pole skipping is a recently discovered subtle effect in the thermal energy density retarded two point function at a special point in the complex $(ω,p)$ planes. We propose that pole skipping is determined by the stress tensor contribution to many-body chaos, and the special point is at $(ω,p)_\text{p.s.}= i λ^{(T)}(1,1/u_B^{(T)})$, where $λ^{(T)}=2π/β$ and $u_B^{(T)}$ are the stress tensor contributions to the Lyapunov exponent and the butterfly velocity respectively. While this proposal is consistent with previous studies conducted for maximally chaotic theories, where the stress tensor dominates chaos, it clarifies that one cannot use pole skipping to extract the Lyapunov exponent of a theory, which obeys $λ\leq λ^{(T)}$. On the other hand, in a large class of strongly coupled but non-maximally chaotic theories $u_B^{(T)}$ is the true butterfly velocity and we conjecture that $u_B\leq u_B^{(T)}$ is a universal bound. While it remains a challenge to explain pole skipping in a general framework, we provide a stringent test of our proposal in the large-$q$ limit of the SYK chain, where we determine $λ,\, u_B,$ and the energy density two point function in closed form for all values of the coupling, interpolating between the free and maximally chaotic limits. Since such an explicit expression for a thermal correlator is one of a kind, we take the opportunity to analyze many of its properties: the coupling dependence of the diffusion constant, the dispersion relations of poles, and the convergence properties of all order hydrodynamics.