Condensates and anomaly cascade in vector-like theories

Abstract

We study the bilinear and higher-order fermion condensates in $4$-dimensional $SU(N)$ gauge theories with a single Dirac fermion in a general representation. Augmented with a mixed anomaly between the $0$-form discrete chiral, $1$-form center, and $0$-form baryon number symmetries (BC anomaly), we sort out theories that admit higher-order condensates and vanishing fermion bilinears. Then, the BC anomaly is utilized to prove, in the absence of a topological quantum field theory, that nonvanishing fermion bilinears are inevitable in infrared-gapped theories with $2$-index (anti)symmetric fermions. We also contrast the BC anomaly with the $0$-form anomalies and show that it is the former anomaly that determines the infrared physics; we argue that the BC anomaly lurks deep to the infrared while the $0$-form anomalies are just variations of local terms. We provide evidence of this assertion by studying the BC anomaly in vector-like theories compactified on a small spacial circle. These theories are weakly-coupled, under analytical control, and they admit a dual description in terms of abelian photons that determine the deep infrared dynamics. We show that the dual photons talk directly to the $1$-form center symmetry in order to match the BC anomaly, while the $0$-form anomalies are variations of local terms and are matched by fiat. Finally, we study the fate of the BC anomaly in the compactified theories when they are held at a finite temperature. The effective field theory that describes the low-energy physics is $2$-dimensional. We show that the BC anomaly cascades from $4$ to $2$ dimensions.