Classifying minimum energy states for interacting particles: Regular simplices

Abstract

Densities of particles on $\Rn$ which interact pairwise through an attractive-repulsive power-law potential $W_{\al,\bt}(x) = |x|^\al/\al-|x|^\bt/\bt$ have often been used to explain patterns produced by biological and physical systems. In the mildly repulsive regime $\al> \bt \ge 2$ with $n \ge 2$, we show there exists a decreasing homeomorphism $\al_{\Delta^n}$ from $[2,4]$ to itself such that: distributing the particles uniformly over the vertices of a regular unit diameter $n$-simplex minimizes the potential energy if and only if $\al\ge \al_{\De^n}(\bt)$. Moreover this minimum is uniquely attained up to rigid motions when $\al > \al_{\De^n}(\bt)$. We estimate $\al_{\De^n}(\bt)$ above and below, and identify its limit as the dimension grows large. These results are derived from a new northeast comparison principle in the space of exponents. At the endpoint $(\al,\bt)=(4,2)$ of this transition curve, we characterize all minimizers by showing they lie on a sphere and share all first and second moments with the spherical shell. Suitably modified versions of these statements are also established (i) for $W_{\alpha,\beta}$ and corresponding energies in the case where $n=1$, and (ii) for the attractive-repulsive potentials $D_\al(x) = |x|^\al(\al\log |x|-1)$ that arise in the limit $\bt \nearrow \al$.