Search for gamma-ray emission from the 12 nearby dwarf spheroidal galaxies with 12 years of Fermi-LAT data

Abstract

Previously, we have shown in Li et al. (2018) that very weak $γ$-ray excesses ($\sim 2σ$) appear in some Milky Way dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs, including candidates) and the combination analysis of 12 nearby dSphs yields a local significance of $>4σ$. In this work, we adopt a longer data set (i.e., the 12 years of Fermi-LAT data), the latest Fermi-LAT software as well as background models to update the searches of $γ$-ray emission from these sources. Very weak $γ$-ray excesses ($>$ 2 $σ$) are found in the directions of three dSphs, including Reticulum II, Bootes II and Willman 1. In the direction of Reticulum II, the peak TS value of the excess reaches $\sim$11. However, different from the previous analysis with the 9 years of Fermi-LAT data, now the location of the gamma-ray emission is significantly away from the center of Reticulum II because of the enhancement of "offset" $γ$-rays above 10 GeV since 2017. The detected weak excess is likely due to the contamination of an astrophysical $γ$-ray source with a TS value of $\sim 22$, irrelevant to the dark matter inside Reticulum II. The possible excesses in the directions of Bootes II and Willman 1 are weaker with lower peak TS values ($\sim 7$). If interpreted as annihilation of dark matter particles into $τ^+τ^-$, the dark mass mass of $m_χ\sim 14$ GeV and $\sim 80$ GeV are found for Bootes II and Willman 1, respectively. Much more data are needed to clarify whether these two potential signals are real and then reveal their origins.