The covering numbers of rings

Abstract

A cover of an associative (not necessarily commutative nor unital) ring $R$ is a collection of proper subrings of $R$ whose set-theoretic union equals $R$. If such a cover exists, then the covering number $σ(R)$ of $R$ is the cardinality of a minimal cover, and a ring $R$ is called $σ$-elementary if $σ(R) < σ(R/I)$ for every nonzero two-sided ideal $I$ of $R$. If $R$ is a ring with unity, then we define the unital covering number $σ_u(R)$ to be the size of a minimal cover of $R$ by subrings that contain $1_R$ (if such a cover exists), and $R$ is $σ_u$-elementary if $σ_u(R) < σ_u(R/I)$ for every nonzero two-sided ideal of $R$. In this paper, we classify all $σ$-elementary unital rings and determine their covering numbers. Building on this classification, we are further able to classify all $σ_u$-elementary rings and prove $σ_u(R) = σ(R)$ for every $σ_u$-elementary ring $R$. We also prove that, if $R$ is a ring without unity with a finite cover, then there exists a unital ring $R'$ such that $σ(R) = σ_u(R')$, which in turn provides a complete list of all integers that are the covering number of a ring. Moreover, if \[\mathscr{E}(N) := \{m : m \le N, σ(R) = m \text{ for some ring } R\},\] then we show that $|\mathscr{E}(N)| = Θ(N/\log(N))$, which proves that almost all integers are not covering numbers of a ring.