Simultaneous coloring of vertices and incidences of graphs

Abstract

An $n$-subdivision of a graph $G$ is a graph constructed by replacing a path of length $n$ instead of each edge of $G$ and an $m$-power of $G$ is a graph with the same vertices as $G$ and any two vertices of $G$ at distance at most $m$ are adjacent. The graph $G^{\frac{m}{n}}$ is the $m$-power of the $n$-subdivision of $G$. In [M. N. Iradmusa, M. Mozafari-Nia, A note on coloring of $\frac{3}{3}$-power of subquartic graphs, Vol. 79, No.3, 2021] it was conjectured that the chromatic number of $\frac{3}{3}$-power of graphs with maximum degree $Δ\geq 2$ is at most $2Δ+1$. In this paper, we introduce the simultaneous coloring of vertices and incidences of graphs and show that the minimum number of colors for simultaneous proper coloring of vertices and incidences of $G$, denoted by $χ_{vi}(G)$, is equal to the chromatic number of $G^{\frac{3}{3}}$. Also by determining the exact value or the upper bound for the said parameter, we investigate the correctness of the conjecture for some classes of graphs such as $k$-degenerated graphs, cycles, forests, complete graphs, and regular bipartite graphs. In addition, we investigate the relationship between this new chromatic number and the other parameters of graphs.