Search arXiv⌕ Search
Home/Archive/arXiv

arXiv · 2207.03148

Two-scale interaction of wake and blockage effects in large wind farms

Andrew Kirby·Takafumi Nishino·Thomas D Dunstan
View original source ↗Read source document ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

Turbine wake and farm blockage effects may significantly impact the power produced by large wind farms. In this study, we perform Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) of 50 infinitely large offshore wind farms with different turbine layouts and wind directions. The LES results are combined with the two-scale momentum theory (Nishino & Dunstan 2020, J. Fluid Mech. 894, A2) to investigate the aerodynamic performance of large but finite-sized farms as well. The power of infinitely large farms is found to be a strong function of the array density, whereas the power of large finite-sized farms depends on both the array density and turbine layout. An analytical model derived from the two-scale momentum theory predicts the impact of array density very well for all 50 farms investigated and can therefore be used as an upper limit to farm performance. We also propose a new method to quantify turbine-scale losses (due to turbine-wake interactions) and farm-scale losses (due to the reduction of farm-average wind speed). They both depend on the strength of atmospheric response to the farm, and our results suggest that, for large offshore wind farms, the farm-scale losses are typically more than twice as large as the turbine-scale losses. This is found to be due to a two-scale interaction between turbine wake and farm induction effects, explaining why the impact of turbine layout on farm power varies with the strength of atmospheric response.

Explore related subjects

physics.flu-dyn

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

Andrew Kirby, Takafumi Nishino, Thomas D Dunstan. 2022-11-08. Two-scale interaction of wake and blockage effects in large wind farms. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2022.979

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related papers

arXiv2026

Data-driven low-dimensional model for the onset of turbulence in plane Couette flow

We construct low-dimensional dynamical systems for low-Reynolds-number turbulence in plane Couette flow using Kernel Quantile Regression. Exploiting the finite-dimensional structure of attractors in dissipative systems, reduced-order models are learned from direct numerical simulation data using a small set of physically meaningful observables. The resulting discrete-time models accurately reproduce periodic and chaotic dynamics near the onset of turbulence. The minimum number of variables required for accurate prediction is found to be consistent with embedding theory based on the attractor dimension. For chaotic regimes, the models capture both short-term trajectory evolution and long-term statistical properties, including probability density functions. By incorporating the Reynolds number as an additional input variable, we further develop a parameter-dependent model that successfully reproduces the bifurcation structure over a range of Reynolds numbers, including bifurcations between training points. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of machine-learning-based reduced-order modeling for capturing the essential dynamics and statistics of weakly turbulent flows.

physics.flu-dyn↗
arXiv2026

Rapidly rotating internally heated convection: bounds on long-time averages

Convection on geophysical and astrophysical scales is subject to rapid rotation and strong heating from within the domain. In studying the long-time behaviour of the solutions for such a system, energy identities fail to capture the effects of rotation because the Coriolis force does no work, and rapid rotation can be prohibitive for direct numerical simulations. Instead, we derive an asymptotically reduced model for rapidly rotating convection driven by uniform internal heating between isothermal stress-free boundaries in a plane periodic layer. The main contribution is the proof of bounds on the mean temperature, and the mean vertical convective heat transport, in terms of the Rayleigh and Ekman numbers, in the limit of infinite Prandtl number. The first quantity represents the mixing of the flow, and the second the asymmetry in heat leaving the bottom and top boundaries due to convection, and unlike Rayleigh-Bénard convection, the two are not a priori related. We employ alternative estimation techniques to those used in previous studies (Grooms \& Whitehead, 2014 \textit{Nonlinearity}, 28, 29) and identify two distinct scaling behaviours for both quantities. Finally, our bounds are optimised, within the methodology, and provide a rigorous constraint for future studies of rotation-dominated internally heated convection.

physics.flu-dyn↗
arXiv2026

Baroclinic wave dynamics in the Ekman-free rotating rectangular annulus with localized forced plume

We report numerical simulations of a rotating rectangular annulus that isolates the Ekman-free bulk of the cylindrical baroclinic annulus, subjected to bi-directional temperature gradients imposed by a uniformly cooled inner wall and a localized forced heated plume at the outer bottom. The finite-volume OpenFOAM solver is employed across combinations of source Richardson number $Ri_0 = 99, 4, 1$ and Rossby number $Ro = 0.3, 0.1, 0.07$. A non-dimensional scaling of the governing equations identifies geostrophic-hydrostatic balance as the leading-order bulk state, a result confirmed a posteriori by the $x$ and $z-$momentum budgets. Baroclinic waves of mode $m=2$ at $Ro=0.3$ transition to $m=3$ as $Ro$ decreases, consistent with the contraction of the Eady deformation radius $L_ρ= NH/f$; Complex Empirical Orthogonal Function (CEOF) analysis characterizes the wave regime and detects a Hopf-bifurcated vacillating state at $Ri_0 = 99,~Ro = 0.1$. The plume morphology, classified through the Morton length scale and source flux-balance parameter, transitions from weak, laterally-swept structures at $Ri_0 = 99$ to sustained columnar plumes traversing the full baroclinic depth at $Ri_0 \leq 4$. The plume entrainment coefficient $Γ(z)$ shows opposite rotational sensitivities at low and high $Ri_0$, which we organize through a local plume Rossby number $Ro_p = w/(2Ωb)$. A mixing-length argument predicts a bulk turbulent heat flux $\overline{u'T'} \propto Ri_0^{-1/2}$, anticipating an order-of-magnitude enhancement from $Ri_0 = 99$ to $Ri_0 = 1$, in agreement with the simulations. A regime map in the $(Ri_0, Ro)$ plane reveals that, within the explored range, the plume-regime and wave-selection problems are approximately separable: $Ri_0$ sets the plume regime while $Ro$ selects the dominant baroclinic wave mode.

physics.flu-dyn↗