Orientation mixing in active suspensions

Abstract

We study a popular kinetic model introduced by Saintillan and Shelley for the dynamics of suspensions of active elongated particles where the particles are described by a distribution in space and orientation. The uniform distribution of particles is the stationary state of incoherence which is known to exhibit a phase transition. We perform an extensive study of the linearised evolution around the incoherent state. We show (i) in the non-diffusive regime corresponding to spectral (neutral) stability that the suspensions experiences a mixing phenomenon similar to Landau damping and we provide optimal pointwise in time decay rates in weak topology. Further, we show (ii) in the case of small rotational diffusion \(ν\) that the mixing estimates persist up to time scale \(ν^{-1/2}\) until the exponential decay at enhanced dissipation rate \(ν^{1/2}\) takes over.The interesting feature is that the usual velocity variable of kinetic models is replaced by an orientation variable on the sphere. The associated \emph{orientation mixing} leads to limited algebraic decay for macroscopic quantities. For the proof, we start with a general pointwise decay results for Volterra equations that may be of independent interest. While, in the non-diffusive case, explicit formulas on the sphere allow to conclude the desired decay, much more work is required in the diffusive case: here we prove mixing estimates for the advection-diffusion equation on the sphere by combining an optimized hypocoercive approach with the vector field method. One main point in this context is to identify good commuting vector fields for the advection-diffusion operator on the sphere. Our results in this direction may be useful to other models in collective dynamics, where an orientation variable is involved.