One parameter generalization of BW inequality and its application to open quantum dynamics

Abstract

In this paper, we introduce a one parameter generalization of the famous Böttcher-Wenzel (BW) inequality in terms of a $q$-deformed commutator. For $n \times n$ matrices $A$ and $B$, we consider the inequality \[ \Re\langle[B,A],[B,A]_q\rangle \le c(q) \|A\|^2 \|B\|^2, \] where $\langle A,B \rangle = {\rm tr}(A^*B)$ is the Hilbert-Schmidt inner product, $\|A\|$ is the Frobenius norm, $[A,B] =AB-BA$ is the commutator, and $[A,B]_q =AB-qBA$ is the $q$-deformed commutator. We prove that when $n=2$, or when $A$ is normal with any size $n$, the optimal bound is given by \[ c(q) = \frac{(1+q) +\sqrt{2(1+q^2)}}{2}. \] We conjecture that this is also true for any matrices, and this conjecture is perfectly supported for $n$ up to $15$ by numerical optimization. When $q=1$, this inequality is exactly BW inequality. When $q=0$, this inequality leads the sharp bound for the $r$-function which is recently derived for the application to universal constraints of relaxation rates in open quantum dynamics.