From the $B$-Toda to the BKP hierarchy

Abstract

It is shown that all $τ$-functions of BKP hierarchy can be written as Pfaffians of skew-symmetric matrices. $τ$-functions of BKP hierarchy are parameterized by points in the universal orthogonal Grassmannian manifold (UOGM). The UOGM is a disjoint union of Schubert cells, we classify and give explicit parameterization for points in each Schubert cell by constructing a frame for UOGM in the sense of Sato. $τ$-functions are then expressed in terms of these frames and Schur-Q functions. For concreteness we give a comprehensive study for the $τ$-functions of $B$-Toda which can be viewed as a finite version of the BKP hierarchy. Along the way we also give a constructive description for complex pure spinors du E. Cartan. As an application of our construction, we reprove a theorem due to A. Alexandrov which states that KdV solves BKP up to rescaling of the time parameters by $2$. We prove this by showing that the KdV hierarchy can be viewed as $4$-reduction of the BKP hierarchy. This interpretation gives complete characterization for the KdV orbits inside the BKP hierarchy. Other than a few facts from representation theory, the main tools we use to show the above results, however, are surprisingly simple linear algebra.