Emergent Symmetry in Quantum Phase Transitions: From Deconfined Quantum Critical Point to Gapless Quantum Spin Liquid

Abstract

The emergence of exotic quantum phenomena in frustrated magnets is rapidly driving the development of quantum many-body physics, raising fundamental questions on the nature of quantum phase transitions. Here we unveil the behaviour of emergent symmetry involving two extraordinarily representative phenomena, i.e., the deconfined quantum critical point (DQCP) and the quantum spin liquid (QSL) state. Via large-scale tensor network simulations, we study a spatially anisotropic spin-1/2 square-lattice frustrated antiferromagnetic (AFM) model, namely the $J_{1x}$-$J_{1y}$-$J_2$ model, which contains anisotropic nearest-neighbor couplings $J_{1x}$, $J_{1y}$ and the next nearest neighbor coupling $J_2$. For small $J_{1y}/J_{1x}$, by tuning $J_2$, a direct continuous transition between the AFM and valence bond solid phase is observed.(Of course, the possibility of weakly first order transition can not be fully excluded.) With growing $J_{1y}/J_{1x}$, a gapless QSL phase gradually emerges between the AFM and VBS phases. We observe an emergent O(4) symmetry along the AFM--VBS transition line, which is consistent with the prediction of DQCP theory. Most surprisingly, we find that such an emergent O(4) symmetry holds for the whole QSL--VBS transition line as well. These findings reveal the intrinsic relationship between the QSL and DQCP from categorical symmetry point of view, and strongly constrain the quantum field theory description of the QSL phase. The phase diagram and critical exponents presented in this paper are of direct relevance to future experiments on frustrated magnets and cold atom systems.