Necking and failure of a colloidal gel arm: signatures of yielding on different length scales

Abstract

Colloidal gels consist of percolating networks of interconnected arms. Their mechanical properties depend on the individual arms, and on their collective behaviour. We use numerical simulations to pull on a single arm, built from a model colloidal gel-former with short-ranged attractive interactions. Under elongation, the arm breaks by a necking instability. We analyse this behaviour at three different length scales: a rheological continuum model of the whole arm; a microscopic analysis of the particle structure and dynamics; and the local stress tensor. Combining these different measurements gives a coherent picture of the necking and failure: the neck is characterised by plastic flow that occurs for stresses close to the arm's yield stress. The arm has an amorphous local structure and has large residual stresses from its initialisation. We find that neck formation is associated with increased plastic flow, a reduction in the stability of the local structure, and a reduction in the residual stresses; this indicates that {the} system loses its solid character and starts to behave more like a viscous fluid. We discuss the implications of these results for the modelling of gel dynamics.