Invertible bases and root vectors for analytic matrix-valued functions

Abstract

We revisit the concept of a minimal basis through the lens of the theory of modules over a commutative ring $R$. We first review the conditions for the existence of a basis for submodules of $R^n$ where $R$ is a Bézout domain. Then, we define the concept of invertible basis of a submodule of $R^n$ and, when $R$ is an elementary divisor domain, we link it to the Main Theorem of [G. D. Forney Jr., SIAM J. Control 13, 493--520, 1975]. Over an elementary divisor domain, the submodules admitting an invertible basis are precisely the free pure submodules of $R^n$. As an application, we let $Ω\subseteq \mathbb{C}$ be either a connected compact set or a connected open set, and we specialize to $R=\mathcal{A}$, the ring of functions that are analytic on $Ω$. We show that, for any matrix $A(z) \in \mathcal{A}^{m \times n}$, $\mathrm{ker} \ A(z) \cap \mathcal{A}^n$ is a free $\mathcal{A}$-module and admits an invertible basis, or equivalently a basis that is full rank upon evaluation at any $λ\in Ω$. Finally, given $λ\in Ω$, we use invertible bases to define and study maximal sets of root vectors at $λ$ for $A(z)$. This in particular allows us to define eigenvectors also for analytic matrices that do not have full column rank.