Stress-Induced Transformations of Polarization Switching in CuInP$_2$S$_6$ Nanoparticles

Abstract

Using the Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire approach, we study stress-induced transformations of polarization switching in ferrielectric CuInP2S6 nanoparticles for three different shapes: a disk, a sphere, and a needle. Semiconducting properties of a nanoparticle are modeled by a surface charge layer, whose effective screening length can be rather small due to the field-effect. We reveal a very strong and unusual influence of hydrostatic pressure on the appearance of polarization switching in CuInP2S6 nanoparticles, hysteresis loops shape, magnitude of the remanent polarization, and coercive fields, and explain the effects by the anomalous temperature dependence and "inverted" signs of CuInP2S6 linear and nonlinear electrostriction coupling coefficients. In particular, by varying the sign of the applied pressure (from tension to compression) and its magnitude (from zero to several hundreds of MPa), quasi-static hysteresis-less paraelectric curves can transform into double, triple, pinched, or single hysteresis loops. Due to the sufficiently wide temperature and pressure ranges of double, triple, and pinched hysteresis loop stability (at least in comparison with many other ferroelectrics), CuInP2S6 nanodisks can be of particular interest for applications in energy storage (in the region of double loops), CuInP2S6 nanospheres maybe suitable for dynamic random access multibit memory, and CuInP2S6 nanoneedles are promising for non-volatile multibit memory cells (in the regions of triple and pinched loops). The stress control of the polarization switching scenario allows the creation of advanced piezo-sensors based on CuInP2S6 nanocomposites.