Critical fragility in socio-technical systems

Abstract

Socio-technical systems, where technological and human elements interact in a goal-oriented manner, provide important functional support to our societies. Here we draw attention to the underappreciated concept of timeliness -- i.e., system elements being available at the right place at the right time -- that has been ubiquitously and integrally adopted as a quality standard in the \textit{modus operandi\/} of socio-technical systems. We point out that a variety of incentives, often reinforced by competitive pressures, prompt system operators to myopically optimize for efficiencies, running the risk of inadvertently taking timeliness to the limit of its operational performance, correspondingly making the system critically fragile to perturbations by pushing the entire system towards the proverbial `edge of a cliff'. Invoking a stylized model for operational delays, we identify the limiting operational performance of timeliness, as a true critical point, where the smallest of perturbations can lead to a systemic collapse. Specifically for firm-to-firm production networks, we suggest that the proximity to \textit{critical fragility\/} is an important ingredient for understanding the fundamental ``excess volatility puzzle'' in economics. Further, in generality for optimizing socio-technical systems, we propose that critical fragility is a crucial aspect in managing the trade-off between efficiency and robustness.