Optimization of the principal eigenvalue of the Neumann Laplacian with indefinite weight and monotonicity of minimizers in cylinders

Abstract

Let $Ω\subset\mathbb{R}^N$, $N\geq 1$, be an open bounded connected set. We consider the indefinite weighted eigenvalue problem $-Δu =λm u$ in $Ω$ with $λ\in \mathbb{R}$, $m\in L^\infty(Ω)$ and with homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions. We study weak* continuity, convexity and Gâteaux differentiability of the map $m\mapsto1/λ_1(m)$, where $λ_1(m)$ is the principal eigenvalue. Then, denoting by $\mathcal{G}(m_0)$ the class of rearrangements of a fixed weight $m_0$, under the assumptions that $m_0$ is positive on a set of positive Lebesgue measure and $\int_Ωm\,dx<0$, we prove the existence and a characterization of minimizers of $λ_1(m)$ and the non-existence of maximizers. Finally, we show that, if $Ω$ is a cylinder, then every minimizer is monotone with respect to the direction of the generatrix. In the context of the population dynamics, this kind of problems arise from the question of determining the optimal spatial location of favourable and unfavourable habitats for a population to survive.