Get the Best of Both Worlds: Improving Accuracy and Transferability by Grassmann Class Representation

Haoqi Wang; Zhizhong Li; Wayne Zhang

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arXiv · 2308.01547

Get the Best of Both Worlds: Improving Accuracy and Transferability by Grassmann Class Representation

Haoqi Wang·Zhizhong Li·Wayne Zhang

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Abstract

We generalize the class vectors found in neural networks to linear subspaces (i.e.~points in the Grassmann manifold) and show that the Grassmann Class Representation (GCR) enables the simultaneous improvement in accuracy and feature transferability. In GCR, each class is a subspace and the logit is defined as the norm of the projection of a feature onto the class subspace. We integrate Riemannian SGD into deep learning frameworks such that class subspaces in a Grassmannian are jointly optimized with the rest model parameters. Compared to the vector form, the representative capability of subspaces is more powerful. We show that on ImageNet-1K, the top-1 error of ResNet50-D, ResNeXt50, Swin-T and Deit3-S are reduced by 5.6%, 4.5%, 3.0% and 3.5%, respectively. Subspaces also provide freedom for features to vary and we observed that the intra-class feature variability grows when the subspace dimension increases. Consequently, we found the quality of GCR features is better for downstream tasks. For ResNet50-D, the average linear transfer accuracy across 6 datasets improves from 77.98% to 79.70% compared to the strong baseline of vanilla softmax. For Swin-T, it improves from 81.5% to 83.4% and for Deit3, it improves from 73.8% to 81.4%. With these encouraging results, we believe that more applications could benefit from the Grassmann class representation. Code is released at https://github.com/innerlee/GCR.

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BibTeX RIS

Haoqi Wang, Zhizhong Li, Wayne Zhang. 2023-08-03. Get the Best of Both Worlds: Improving Accuracy and Transferability by Grassmann Class Representation. https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.01547

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