Causal hydrodynamic fluctuations in a one-dimensional expanding system

Abstract

We derive equations of motion of hydrodynamic fluctuations performing perturbative expansion of the energy-momentum conservation equations around the boost invariant solution in one-dimensional expanding system. In the course of derivation, we do not assume any specific forms of constitutive equations for shear stress tensor $π^{μν}$ and bulk pressure $Π$. Therefore, the framework enables us to employ any constitutive equations beyond the Navier-Stokes theory which satisfy the causality. Employing Israel-Stewart equations as examples of the constitutive equations, we demonstrate the dynamics of causal hydrodynamic fluctuations in (1+1)-dimensional Milne coordinates. We observe that structure of energy density fluctuations is almost frozen in the early stage of the expansion. Two-point correlations of energy density fluctuations turn out to be closely related with the properties of the medium such as sound velocity, viscosity, and relaxation time. Furthermore, we show that two-particle correlation functions of final hadrons after freezeout inherit correlations of thermodynamic variables and flow rapidity. This opens a new door for an analysis of transport properties of the medium produced in relativistic heavy ion collisions.