Generalized time-reversal symmetry and effective theories for nonequilibrium matter

Abstract

The past decade has witnessed the development of systematic effective theories for dissipative thermal systems. Here, we describe an analogous effective theory framework that applies to the classical stochastic dynamics of nonequilibrium systems. We illustrate this approach using a range of examples, including nonreciprocal (predator-prey) dynamics, dissipative and driven rigid-body motion, and active chiral fluids and solids. Many of these systems exhibit a generalized time-reversal symmetry, which plays a crucial role within our formalism, and in many cases can be implemented within the Martin-Siggia-Rose path integral. This effective theory formalism yields generalizations of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem and second law of thermodynamics valid out of equilibrium. By stipulating a stationary distribution and a set of symmetries -- rather than postulating the stochastic equations of motion directly -- this formalism provides an alternative route to building phenomenological models of driven and active matter. We hope that this approach facilitates a systematic investigation of the universality classes of active matter, and provides a common language for nonequilibrium many-body physics from high energy to condensed matter.