ALMA-IMF VIII -- Combination of Interferometric Continuum Images with Single-Dish Surveys and Structural Analysis of Six Protoclusters

Daniel J. Díaz-González; Roberto Galván-Madrid; Adam Ginsburg; Frédérique Motte; Pierre Dell'Ova; Stan Kurtz; Nichol Cunningham; Amelia M. Stutz; Fabien Louvet; Timea Csengeri; Manuel Fernández-López; Patricio Sanhueza; Thomas Nony; Rudy Rivera-Soto; Rodrigo H. Álvarez-Gutiérrez; Melanie Armante; Melisse Bonfand; Sylvain Bontemps; Antoine Gusdorf; Hong-Li Liu

arXiv · 2310.13872

ALMA-IMF VIII -- Combination of Interferometric Continuum Images with Single-Dish Surveys and Structural Analysis of Six Protoclusters

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Abstract

We present the combination of ALMA-IMF and single-dish continuum images from the Mustang-2 Galactic Plane Survey (MGPS90) at 3 millimeters and the Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey (BGPS) at 1 millimeter. Six and ten out of the fiffteen ALMA-IMF fields are combined with MGPS90 and BGPS, respectively. The combination is made via the feathering technique. We used the dendrogram algorithm throughout the combined images, and performed further analysis in the six fields with combination in both bands (G012.80, W43-MM1, W43-MM2, W43-MM3, W51-E, W51-IRS2). In these fields, we calculated spectral index maps and used them to separate regions dominated by dust or free-free emission, and then performed further structural analysis. We report the basic physical parameters of the dust-dominated (column densities, masses) and ionized (emission measures, hydrogen ionization photon rates) structures. We also searched for multi-scale relations in the dust-dominated structures across the analyzed fields, finding that the fraction of mass in dendrogram leaves (which we label as "Leaf Mass Eficiency", LME) as a function of molecular gas column density follows a similar trend: a rapid, exponential-like growth, with maximum values approaching 100% in most cases. The observed behaviour of the LME with gas column is tentatively interpreted as an indicator of large star formation activity within the ALMA-IMF protoclusters. W51-E and G012.80 stand out as cases with comparatively large and reduced potential for further star formation, respectively.

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Daniel J. Díaz-González, Roberto Galván-Madrid, Adam Ginsburg, Frédérique Motte, Pierre Dell'Ova, Stan Kurtz, Nichol Cunningham, Amelia M. Stutz, Fabien Louvet, Timea Csengeri, Manuel Fernández-López, Patricio Sanhueza, Thomas Nony, Rudy Rivera-Soto, Rodrigo H. Álvarez-Gutiérrez, Melanie Armante, Melisse Bonfand, Sylvain Bontemps, Antoine Gusdorf, Hong-Li Liu. 2023-10-21. ALMA-IMF VIII -- Combination of Interferometric Continuum Images with Single-Dish Surveys and Structural Analysis of Six Protoclusters. https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.13872

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