On Sharp Bounds of Local Fractional Metric Dimension for Certain Symmetrical Algebraic Structure Graphs

Abstract

The smallest set of vertices needed to differentiate or categorize every other vertex in a graph is referred to as the graph's metric dimension. Finding the class of graphs for a particular given metric dimension is an NP-hard problem. This concept has applications in many different domains, including graph theory, network architecture, and facility location problems. A graph $G$ with order $n$ is known as a Toeplitz graph over the subset $S$ of consecutive collections of integers from one to $n$, and two vertices will be adjacent to each other if their absolute difference is a member of $S$. A graph $G(\mathbb{Z}_{n})$ is called a zero-divisor graph over the zero divisors of a commutative ring $\mathbb{Z}_{n}$, in which two vertices will be adjacent to each other if their product will leave the remainder zero under modulo $n$. Since the local fractional metric dimension problem is NP-hard, it is computationally difficult to identify an optimal solution or to precisely determine the minimal size of a local resolving set; in the worst case, the process takes exponential time. Different upper bound sequences of local fractional metric dimension are suggested in this article, along with a comparison analysis for certain families of Toeplitz and zero-divisor graphs. Furthermore, we note that the analyzed local fractional metric dimension upper bounds fall into three metric families: constant, limited, and unbounded.