Clipped-Objective Policy Gradients for Pessimistic Policy Optimization

Abstract

To facilitate efficient learning, policy gradient approaches to deep reinforcement learning (RL) are typically paired with variance reduction measures and strategies for making large but safe policy changes based on a batch of experiences. Natural policy gradient methods, including Trust Region Policy Optimization (TRPO), seek to produce monotonic improvement through bounded changes in policy outputs. Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a commonly used, first-order algorithm that instead uses loss clipping to take multiple safe optimization steps per batch of data, replacing the bound on the single step of TRPO with regularization on multiple steps. In this work, we find that the performance of PPO, when applied to continuous action spaces, may be consistently improved through a simple change in objective. Instead of the importance sampling objective of PPO, we instead recommend a basic policy gradient, clipped in an equivalent fashion. While both objectives produce biased gradient estimates with respect to the RL objective, they also both display significantly reduced variance compared to the unbiased off-policy policy gradient. Additionally, we show that (1) the clipped-objective policy gradient (COPG) objective is on average "pessimistic" compared to both the PPO objective and (2) this pessimism promotes enhanced exploration. As a result, we empirically observe that COPG produces improved learning compared to PPO in single-task, constrained, and multi-task learning, without adding significant computational cost or complexity. Compared to TRPO, the COPG approach is seen to offer comparable or superior performance, while retaining the simplicity of a first-order method.