Impact of density inhomogeneity on the critical velocity for vortex shedding in a harmonically trapped Bose-Einstein condensate

Abstract

We report on a numerical study of the critical velocity for creation of quantized vortices by a moving Gaussian obstacle in a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate, modeled by the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. We pay attention to impact of density inhomogeneity associated with the global inverted-parabolic profile by a trapping potential as well as the local density suppression around the Gaussian obstacle. When the width of the Gaussian potential is large, the wake dynamics is significantly influenced by the nonuniformity around the obstacle potential. The critical velocity, estimated through the time interval between the first and second vortex emission, can be explained by the local sound velocity by taking into account the above two contributions. We also find that the ratio of the critical velocity to the sound velocity at the center of the system is insensitive to the nonlinear coefficient of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, which supports the universal discussion even in a inhomogeneous trapped condensate under the local density approximation.