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arXiv · 2312.12901

Study of Silicon Photomultiplier External Cross-Talk

Y. Guan·N. Anfimov·G. Cao·Z. Xie·Q. Dai·D. Fedoseev·K. Kuznetsova·A. Rybnikov·A. Selyunin·A. Sotnikov
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Abstract

Optical cross-talk is a critical characteristic of Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) and represents a significant source of the excess noise factor, exerting a substantial influence on detector performance. During the avalanche process of SiPMs, photons generated can give rise to both internal cross-talk within the same SiPM and external cross-talk when photons escape from one SiPM and trigger avalanches in others. In scenarios where SiPMs are arranged in a compact configuration and positioned facing each other, the external cross-talk could even dominate the cross-talk phenomenon. This paper investigates two distinct methods for measuring external cross-talk: the counting method, which involves operating SiPMs face-to-face and measuring their coincident signals, and the reflection method, which employs a highly reflective film attached to the surface of the SiPMs. External cross-talk measurements have been conducted on several types of SiPMs, including Vacuum Ultra-Violet (VUV) sensitive SiPMs that Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK) and Hamamatsu Photonics Inc (HPK) produced for nEXO as well as visible-sensitive SiPMs provided by FBK, HPK and SensL Technologies Ltd (SenSL) for JUNO-TAO. The results reveal a significant presence of external cross-talk in all tested SiPMs, with HPK's SiPMs exhibiting a dominant external cross-talk component due to the implementation of optical trenches that effectively suppress internal cross-talk. Furthermore, we found that the number of fired pixels resulting from internal cross-talk can be described by combining Geometric and Borel models for all tested SiPMs, while the external cross-talk can be predicted using a pure Borel model. These distinct probability distributions lead to different excess noise factors, thereby impacting the detector performance in varying ways.

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Y. Guan, N. Anfimov, G. Cao, Z. Xie, Q. Dai, D. Fedoseev, K. Kuznetsova, A. Rybnikov, A. Selyunin, A. Sotnikov. 2023-12-20. Study of Silicon Photomultiplier External Cross-Talk. https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.12901

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