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arXiv · 2402.00791

Hausdorff Reductions and the Exponential Hierarchies

Enrico Malizia
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Abstract

We introduce Hausdorff (complexity) classes, which yield canonical normal forms for the intermediate levels of the iterated exponential hierarchies, including the Polynomial Hierarchy, the (Weak) Exponential Hierarchy, and higher-order exponential hierarchies. Just as certificates capture main hierarchy levels without oracles, Hausdorff classes give an oracle-free characterization of the intermediate hierarchy levels. The Hausdorff perspective provides a unifying structural explanation for many known equivalences between oracle classes. Indeed, seemingly different oracle classes corresponding to the same intermediate level are shown to arise from just three distinct yet equivalent oracle-aided ways of deciding languages in a single Hausdorff class, replacing multiple oracleh-based views with a unique characterization. Moreover, it explains the collapse of the Strong Exponential Hierarchy, showing that $\mathrm{P}^{\mathrm{NExp}} = \mathrm{NP}^{\mathrm{NExp}}$ because both classes coincide with the same Hausdorff class, thereby resolving a question of Hemachandra. Finally, we define canonical complete problems for $\mathrm{P}^{\mathrm{NExp[\mathrm{Log}]}}$ and $\mathrm{P}^{\mathrm{NExp}}$, yielding matching lower bounds for problems whose hardness had remained open due to the lack of suitable hard problems to reduce from.

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Enrico Malizia. 2026-08-20. Hausdorff Reductions and the Exponential Hierarchies. https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.00791

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