The broadening of universal relations at the birth and death of a neutron star

Abstract

Certain relations among neutron-star observables that are insensitive to the equation of state are known to exist. Such universal relations have been shown to be valid for cold and stationary neutron stars. Here, we study these relations in more dynamic scenarios: protoneutron stars and hypermassive neutron stars. First, we study protoneutron stars. We use an effective equation of state, extracted from three-dimensional core-collapse supernova simulations, to obtain the structure of spherically symmetric protoneutron stars. We then consider nonradial oscillations to compute their $f$-mode frequency ($f$), as well as slow rotation and small tidal deformation, to compute their moment of inertia ($I$), spin-induced quadrupole moment ($Q$), and Love number. We find that well-established universal relations for cold neutron stars involving these observables ($I$-Love-$Q$ and $f$-Love relations) are approximately valid for protoneutron stars, with a deviation below $\approx$ 10$\%$ for a postbounce time above $\approx$ 0.5 s, considering eight different supernova progenitors and the SFHo equation of state. Next, we study hypermassive neutron stars. We obtain a new universal relation between the $f$-mode frequency and the compactness of cold and nonrotating neutron stars, using bulk quantities. We show that this relation has an equation-of-state-variation of $\approx$ $3\%$, considering a set of ten equations of state. Using results from binary neutron star merger simulations, we study the evolution of hypermassive neutron stars on the $f$-$C$ plane, considering two different mass ratios and the SFHo equation of state. We find that the relation between the peak frequency of the gravitational-wave signal and the compactness from these hypermassive neutron stars deviates from the universal $f$-$C$ relation by 70 $-$ 80$\%$, when the peak frequency is taken directly as a proxy for the $f$-mode.