The fluid dynamics of a viscoelastic fluid dripping onto a substrate

Abstract

Extensional flows of complex fluids are pivotal in industrial applications like spraying, atomisation, and microfluidic drop deposition. The Dripping-on-Substrate (DoS) technique is a conceptually simple, but dynamically-complex, probe of the extensional rheology of low-viscosity, non-Newtonian fluids. DoS involves capillary-driven thinning of a liquid bridge formed by a slowly dispensed drop onto a partially-wetting solid substrate. By following the filament thinning and pinch-off, the extensional viscosity and relaxation time can be determined. Importantly, DoS enables measurements for lower viscosity solutions than commercially available capillary break-up extensional rheometers. To understand DoS operation, we employ a computational rheology approach via adaptively-refined, time-dependent axisymmetric simulations using the open-source Eulerian code, \textit{Basilisk}. The volume-of-fluid technique is used to capture the moving interface, and the log-conformation transformation enables a stable viscoelastic solution. We focus on understanding the roles of surface tension, elasticity, and finite chain extensibility in the Elasto-Capillary (EC) regime. Additionally, we explore perturbative effects of gravity and substrate wettability in setting the evolution of the self-similar thinning and pinch-off dynamics. To illustrate the interplay of these different forces, we construct a simple one-dimensional model capturing the initial thinning rates, balancing inertia and capillarity. This model also describes the structure of the transition region to the nonlinear EC regime, where elastic stresses counteract capillary pressure in the thread as the filament thins toward breakup. Finally, we propose a fitting methodology based on the analytical solutions for FENE-P fluids to enhance accuracy in determining the effective relaxation time for unknown fluids.