Qubit dynamics driven by smooth pulses of finite duration

Abstract

We present a study of the dynamics of a qubit driven by a pulsed field of finite duration. The pulse shape starts and ends linearly in time. The most typical example of such a shape is the sine function between two of its nodes, but several other pulse shapes are also studied. All of them present smooth alternatives to the commonly used rectangular pulse shape, resulting in much weaker power broadening, much faster vanishing wings in the excitation line profile and hence much reduced sidebands. In the same time, such shapes with a well-defined finite duration do not suffer from the spurious effects arising when truncating a pulse of infinite duration, e.g. Gaussian. We derive two approximate analytic solutions which describe the ensuing quantum dynamics. Both approximations assume that the field changes linearly at the beginning and the end of the driving pulse, and adiabatically in between. The first approximation matches the linear and adiabatic parts at an appropriate instant of time and is expressed in terms of Weber's parabolic cylinder functions. The second, much simpler, approximation uses the asymptotics of the Weber function in order to replace it by simpler functions, and some additional transformations. Both approximations prove highly accurate when compared to experimental data obtained with two of the IBM Quantum processors. Both the greatly reduced power broadening and the greatly suppressed sidebands are observed for all pulse shapes, in a nearly complete agreement between theory and experiment.